TMDL计划与小流域污染综合治理思路的研究-以南水北调东线山东段治污为例

为了不断完善小流域污染综合治理思路,进一步推进水污染治理工作,对TMDL计划进行了介绍,并在治理思路、总量分配方法及总量分配公平性、合理性等多个方面与小流域污染综合治理思路进行比较,找出差异,吸收其有益的思路和措施。通过比较得出:①小流域污染综合治理和TMDL计划在思路上是一致的,但在总量分配及分配的公平性、水质目标可达性的保证率等方面存在着一定差异;②TMDL计划中的诸多措施可为小流域污染综合治理所吸收借鉴,并以此为基础对完善小流域综合治理提出了诸多合理的建议。     

引黄济津应急调水工程河北段输水能力计算

针对引黄济津应急调水工程河北段的输水能力进行了研究。渠段的输水能力是指渠段所能通过的最大入流量，即渠段的首端断面所能通过的最大流量。根据引黄济津应急调水工程近4年的实测数据，构建了适于干河床水流推进过程渗漏损失的改进模型、小水深情况下的糙率加大模型，并采用均匀试验优选方法对水力参数进行了反演，利用非恒定流模型对引黄济津河北段渠系输水能力进行了计算。结果表明，建立的渗漏损失改进模型、小水深情况下的糙率加大模型是合理的，反演得到的参数是精确的；由于在水流推进与涨水阶段渠床的非稳定渗漏起了较大作用，所以各渠段的输水能力在非稳定输水阶段比稳定输水阶段稍大。输水能力的计算结果可以为引黄济津未来几年的输水规划与调度提供具体的指导。     

河网水流模拟编程计算研究

以扩展的圣维南方程组和有限差分方程组为基础，对河网进行合理的编码，采用Preissmann法对圣维南方程组进行离散，采用河网矩阵标识法的三级解法编制河网非恒定流的计算程序求解各断面的水位Z和流量Q。     

内陆河水资源合理利用的优化分配方法

依据内陆河流域不同区域在水资源条件、气候条件、经济发展水平及水资源利用途径等方面的差异性，以及时序上水资源的利用规律，提出了旨在合理利用水资源，改善生态环境的水资源优化分配方法。通过在黑河流域的实例应用，论证了该方法的有效性。     

太湖流域殷村港沉积物中营养元素及重金属污染特征研究

2012年8月沿殷村港共采集17个样点表层沉积物样品,分析了其中的营养元素及重金属含量。结果表明:殷村港沉积物中TN、TP和TOC含量均值分别为2.11、1.56、27.75 g·kg^-1,沉积物中TOC与TN环境行为近似,说明TN的沉积与有机物的沉积相伴随;C/N及营养元素评价表明殷村港外源污染输入显著,有机氮污染严重;地累积指数评价显示殷村港Cu污染水平处于"中-强"污染等级,其次是Pb及Zn处于中度污染,Cr及Ni基本属于无污染状态。     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

澧水常德段水环境质量现状分析与评价

比照《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002），运用综合评价指数法，对2007年度澧水常德段石门县三江口、津市市窑坡渡、安乡县沙河口3个监测断面的水质现状进行分析与评价。结果表明：澧水常德段水质总体上达到地表水Ⅲ类标准，水质良好，其中石门县三江口和安乡县沙河口所有监测项目均处于标准值范围，津市市窑坡渡存在粪大肠菌群超标现象。今后应加强水环境监测能力建设，重视水资源合理开发利用，统筹安排生产、生活用水，严格控制排污量，为地方经济社会发展提供可持续的水利保障。     

Current status and prospects of farming the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in Bangladesh

Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. Presently, it is cultured in around 50 000 ha area with total annual production of 23 240 t. Traditional extensive prawn farming has been expanding over the last three decades through the introduction and adoption of improved culture systems, such as culture of prawn‐carps, prawn‐shrimp‐fish and prawn‐fish‐rice as concurrent and rotational systems. Efforts for the development of improved techniques on broodstock management, seed production and rearing and grow‐out of prawn have been made over the last decade. The outcomes are low‐cost feed for broodstock, production of post‐larvae in net cages (hapa), all‐male prawn culture, periphyton based prawn‐tilapia culture, C/N based prawn culture, organic prawn farming, prawn‐mola culture and prawn‐carp‐mola polyculture. Despite the development of culture technologies, a number of challenges for sustainable development of prawn farming need to be overcome to realize the potentials of this promising sector. Good aquaculture practises at all levels and application of measures for quality control and food safety would ensure sustainable development of prawn farming in Bangladesh.     

Morphological variability of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta in different river environments

Abstract – The morphologies of sympatric juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr and brown trout Salmo trutta parr were compared between Irish rivers with contrasting hydraulic environments – a high‐gradient and a low‐gradient tributary from the River Barrow catchment, south‐east Ireland and a high‐gradient river from the Burrishoole catchment, west of Ireland. The two catchments differ markedly in mean annual precipitation (849.0 mm year^?1 and 1370.3 mm year^?1 for the Barrow and Burrishoole catchments, respectively). Parr of both species demonstrated morphological variation between and within catchments. Changes in metrics such as pectoral fin length, body depth and body length between and within catchments suggest that hydraulic forces were a major determinant of morphological variation. Both species from the Burrishoole catchment had relatively larger pectoral fins, longer heads, larger eyes and shallower bodies than conspecifics from the Barrow catchment. In rivers subject to frequent rainfall‐driven high discharges, such as those in the Burrishoole catchment, a more fusiform body and head shape coupled with larger pectoral fins may reduce the energetic cost of maintaining position in the water column, as well as increase stability and manoeuvrability. The larger eyes in both parr species in the Burrishoole catchment could further be a response to the lower visibility of the more turbid and peat‐stained waters or to the reduced prey availability. The results of this study demonstrate that local adaptation to flow conditions can yield morphologically distinct populations and that multiple species can exhibit parallel phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions.     

KEYSTONE生态护坡砖在广州东濠涌整治工程中的应用

生态护岸是结合植物与土木工程对河道坡面进行防护的一种新形式。生态护岸集防洪效应、生态效应、景观效应和自净效应于一体,是生态文明时代河道护岸技术的发展方向。文章概述了目前国内生态河道护坡构建技术的发展现状,并对KEYSTONE生态河道护坡砖在广州东濠涌综合整治工程中的应用进行了探讨研究。